protected System.Net.WebRequest()

Constructs a new instance of the System.Net.WebRequest class.

This constructor is called only by classes that derive from System.Net.WebRequest. Use the System.Net.WebRequest.Create(System.Uri,System.Boolean) method to initialize a new instance of a class that derives from System.Net.WebRequest . Do not use this constructor.

public virtual System.Void Abort()

Attempts to cancel an asynchronous request made by the current instance to access a resource.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

As described above. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. Use this method to cancel an asynchronous operation started with the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) method.

public virtual System.IAsyncResult BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback callback, System.Object state)

Begins an asynchronous request for a stream in which to write data to be sent in the current request.

Parameter callback: A System.AsyncCallback delegate to be called when the stream is available. Can be null .

Parameter state: A System.Object containing state information for the asynchronous request.

Returns: A System.IAsyncResult object that contains information about the asynchronous operation.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

The state parameter can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the System.IAsyncResult.AsyncState property of the object returned by this method. This method starts an asynchronous operation to obtain a stream used to write data to be sent in the current request. To get the request stream, call the System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetRequestStream(System.IAsyncResult) method and specify the System.IAsyncResult object returned by this method. If the callback parameter is not null , the method referenced by callback is invoked when the asynchronous operation completes. The System.IAsyncResult object returned by this method is passed as the argument to the method referenced by callback. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. Use this method to start an asynchronous request for a stream used to send data to a resource. The callback delegate can call the System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetRequestStream(System.IAsyncResult) method to obtain the request stream.

public virtual System.IAsyncResult BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback callback, System.Object state)

Begins sending the current request asynchronously.

Parameter callback: A System.AsyncCallback delegate to be called when the response from the server is available.

Parameter state: A System.Object containing state information for the asynchronous request.

Returns: A System.IAsyncResult object that contains information about the asynchronous operation.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

The state parameter can be any object that the caller wishes to have available for the duration of the asynchronous operation. This object is available via the System.IAsyncResult.AsyncState property of the object returned by this method. This method starts an asynchronous operation to send the current request and receive the response from the server that processed the request. To get the response, call the System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetResponse(System.IAsyncResult) method and specify the System.IAsyncResult object returned by this method. If the callback parameter is not null , the method referenced by callback is invoked when the asynchronous operation completes. The System.IAsyncResult object returned by this method is passed as the argument to the method referenced by callback. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. The System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) method starts an asynchronous request for a response. The callback delegate can call the System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetResponse(System.IAsyncResult) method to return the System.Net.WebResponse received from the resource.

public static System.Net.WebRequest Create(System.String requestUriString)

Constructs a new instance of a class derived from System.Net.WebRequest. The new instance is of the type registered for the scheme of the specified URI.

Parameter requestUriString: A System.String that contains a URI.

Returns: A new instance of a class that derived from System.Net.WebRequest and is registered to handle the scheme of requestUriString.

Throws: : requestUriString is null.

Throws: : The request scheme specified in requestUri is not registered.

Throws: : The URI specified in requestUriString is not a valid URI.

Throws: : The caller does not have permission to connect to the requested URI or a URI that the request is redirected to.

This method returns a new instance of a class that derived from System.Net.WebRequest . The System.Type of this new instance is determined at run time by the scheme of the URI in requestUriString. For example, when a URI beginning with http:// is passed in requestUriString, a System.Net.HttpWebRequest instance is returned. Classes that derive from System.Net.WebRequest that are created to handle other requests are registered with the System.Net.WebRequest.RegisterPrefix(System.String,System.Net.IWebRequestCreate) method.

public static System.Net.WebRequest Create(System.Uri requestUri)

Constructs a new instance of a class derived from System.Net.WebRequest.

Parameter requestUri: A System.Uri containing the URI of the requested resource.

Returns: A new instance of a class derived from System.Net.WebRequest that is registered to handle the closest registered match for requestUri.

Throws: : requestUri is null.

Throws: : The request scheme specified in requestUri is not registered.

Throws: : The caller does not have permission to connect to the requested URI or a URI that the request is redirected to.

To determine the closest match, this method checks the registered URIs for the longest URI prefix that matches requestUri. For an example that demonstrates this method, see System.Net.WebRequest.CreateDefault(System.Uri).

public static System.Net.WebRequest CreateDefault(System.Uri requestUri)

Constructs a new instance of a class derived from System.Net.WebRequest. The new instance is of the type registered for the scheme of the specified URI.

Parameter requestUri: A System.Uri containing the URI of the requested resource.

Returns: A new instance of the type derived from System.Net.WebRequest that is registered for the scheme of the specified System.Uri .

Throws: : requestUri is null.

Throws: : The request scheme specified in requestUri is not registered.

Throws: : The caller does not have permission to connect to the requested URI or a URI that the request is redirected to.

When this method is invoked, only the scheme portion of requestUri is checked against the list of URIs registered for the current instance. Conversely, when System.Net.WebRequest.Create(System.Uri,System.Boolean) is invoked, the entire URI is checked against the list of registered URIs.

using System;
using System.Net;

public class ContosoTextRequest : WebRequest, IWebRequestCreate
{
   public new WebRequest Create(Uri uri)
   {
      return new ContosoTextRequest();
   }
}

public class CreateDefaultExample
{
   public static void Main()
   {
      ContosoTextRequest contoso = new ContosoTextRequest();
      Uri contosoUri = new Uri("http://www.contoso.com/text");
      WebRequest.RegisterPrefix("http://www.contoso.com/text", contoso);

      WebRequest httpContoso = WebRequest.CreateDefault(contosoUri);
      Console.WriteLine("CreateDefault --> {0}", httpContoso);

      WebRequest textContoso = WebRequest.Create(contosoUri);
      Console.WriteLine("Create --> {0}", textContoso);
   }
}

public virtual System.IO.Stream EndGetRequestStream(System.IAsyncResult asyncResult)

Returns a System.IO.Stream for writing data to the resource identified by the System.Net.WebRequest.RequestUri property of the current instance.

Parameter asyncResult: A System.IAsyncResult object that references a request for a System.IO.Stream started with System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) .

Returns: A System.IO.Stream to write data to.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

Throws: : asyncResult was not returned by a call to System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object).

Throws: : asyncResult is a null reference.

Throws: : This method was called previously using asyncResult. -or- No stream is available.

Throws: : An error occurred while processing the request.

This method completes an asynchronous request for a stream that was started by the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) method. As described above. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. Use this method to complete an asynchronous request for a stream that was started with the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) method.

public virtual System.Net.WebResponse EndGetResponse(System.IAsyncResult asyncResult)

Returns a System.Net.WebResponse that contains a response to a specified pending request.

Parameter asyncResult: A System.IAsyncResult object that references a pending request that was started with System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object).

Returns: A System.Net.WebResponse that contains a response to the request referenced by asyncResult.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

Throws: : asyncResult was not returned by a call to System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object).

Throws: : asyncResult is a null reference.

Throws: : The System.Net.WebRequest.ContentLength property of the current instance is greater than zero but no data has been written to the request stream. -or- This method was called previously using asyncResult.

Throws: : An error occurred while processing the request.

As described above. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. Use this method to complete an asynchronous request for an Internet resource that was started with the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) method.

public virtual System.IO.Stream GetRequestStream()

Returns a System.IO.Stream for writing data to a resource.

Returns: A System.IO.Stream for writing data to a resource.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

As described above. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method is required to be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest. Use this method to initiate a request to send data to a resource and obtain a System.IO.Stream instance for sending data to that resource. The System.Net.WebRequest.GetRequestStream method provides synchronous access to the System.IO.Stream. For asynchronous access, use the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetRequestStream(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) and System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetRequestStream(System.IAsyncResult) methods.

public virtual System.Net.WebResponse GetResponse()

Returns a response to a request.

Returns: A System.Net.WebResponse containing the response to the request.

Throws: : This method is not overridden in the derived class.

Throws: : The request timed out. -or- An error occurred while processing the request.

This method returns an instance of a type derived from System.Net.WebResponse that is registered for the System.Net.WebRequest.RequestUri property of the current instance. This new instance is required to contain a response from the resource to the current request. If the timeout period for the request expires, or an error occurs while processing the request, this method is required to throw a System.Net.WebException exception. The System.Net.WebRequest class is abstract and does not provide an implementation for this method. This method throws System.NotSupportedException. This method must be overridden by classes that inherit from System.Net.WebRequest to provide this functionality. Use this method for synchronous access to a resource. For asynchronous access, use the System.Net.WebRequest.BeginGetResponse(System.AsyncCallback,System.Object) and System.Net.WebRequest.EndGetResponse(System.IAsyncResult) methods.

public static System.Boolean RegisterPrefix(System.String prefix, System.Net.IWebRequestCreate creator)

Registers a type derived from System.Net.WebRequest, and associates the type with the specified URI.

Parameter prefix: A System.String containing the URI that the derived type services. Can specify a scheme or a complete URI.

Parameter creator: An instance of a type that implements the System.Net.IWebRequestCreate interface.

Returns: true if registration is successful; false, if prefix is already registered.

Throws: : prefix is null or creator is null.

System.Net.HttpWebRequest is registered to service requests for HTTP and HTTPS schemes. Attempts to register a different type for these schemes will fail. This method registers types that derive from System.Net.WebRequest to service requests. These derived types are typically registered to handle a specific protocol, such HTTP or FTP, but can be registered to handle a request to a specific server or path on a server. Therefore, prefix can be either a scheme or a complete URI. The System.Net.WebRequest class calls the System.Net.IWebRequestCreate.Create(System.Uri) method to create additional instances of the same type as creator.

using System;
using System.Net;

public class ftpWebRequest : WebRequest {
   //implement ftp-specific protocol methods and properties
}

public class ftpCreator : IWebRequestCreate 
{
   public WebRequest Create(Uri uri) 
   {
      return new ftpWebRequest(); 
   }
}

public class RegisterPrefixExample
{

   public static void Main() 
   {
 
      ftpCreator creator = new ftpCreator();
      WebRequest.RegisterPrefix("ftp://", creator);
      WebRequest wr = WebRequest.Create("ftp://testFile");
      Console.WriteLine(wr);
   }
}
   

public virtual System.Boolean Equals(System.Object obj)

Determines whether the specified System.Object is equal to the current instance.

Parameter obj: The System.Object to compare with the current instance.

Returns: true if obj is equal to the current instance; otherwise, false.

The statements listed below are required to be true for all implementations of the System.Object.Equals(System.Object) method. In the list, x, y, and z represent non-null object references. See System.Object.GetHashCode for additional required behaviors pertaining to the System.Object.Equals(System.Object) method. Implementations of System.Object.Equals(System.Object) should not throw exceptions. The System.Object.Equals(System.Object) method tests for referential equality , which means that System.Object.Equals(System.Object) returns true if the specified instance of Object and the current instance are the same instance; otherwise, it returns false . An implementation of the System.Object.Equals(System.Object) method is shown in the following C# code: public virtual bool Equals(Object obj) { return this == obj; } For some kinds of objects, it is desirable to have System.Object.Equals(System.Object) test for value equality instead of referential equality. Such implementations of Equals return true if the two objects have the same "value", even if they are not the same instance. The definition of what constitutes an object's "value" is up to the implementer of the type, but it is typically some or all of the data stored in the instance variables of the object. For example, the value of a System.String is based on the characters of the string; the Equals method of the System.String class returns true for any two string instances that contain exactly the same characters in the same order. When the Equals method of a base class provides value equality, an override of Equals in a class derived from that base class should invoke the inherited implementation of Equals . It is recommended (but not required) that types overriding System.Object.Equals(System.Object) also override System.Object.GetHashCode. Hashtables cannot be relied on to work correctly if this recommendation is not followed. If your programming language supports operator overloading, and if you choose to overload the equality operator for a given type, that type should override the Equals method. Such implementations of the Equals method should return the same results as the equality operator. Following this guideline will help ensure that class library code using Equals (such as System.Collections.ArrayList and System.Collections.Hashtable ) behaves in a manner that is consistent with the way the equality operator is used by application code. If you are implementing a value type, you should follow these guidelines: For reference types, the guidelines are as follows: If you implement System.IComparable on a given type, you should override Equals on that type. The System.Object.Equals(System.Object) method is called by methods in collections classes that perform search operations, including the System.Array.IndexOf(System.Array,System.Object) method and the System.Collections.ArrayList.Contains(System.Object) method.

using System;
class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
      Object obj1 = new Object();
      Object obj2 = new Object();
      Console.WriteLine(obj1.Equals(obj2));
      obj1 = obj2; 
      Console.WriteLine(obj1.Equals(obj2)); 
   }
}

using System;
public class Point: object {
 int x, y;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 //Check for null and compare run-time types.
 if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
 Point p = (Point)obj;
 return (x == p.x) && (y == p.y);
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return x ^ y;
 }
}

class Point3D: Point {
 int z;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 return base.Equals(obj) && z == ((Point3D)obj).z;
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return base.GetHashCode() ^ z;
 }
}

using System;
class Rectangle {
 Point a, b;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType()) return false;
 Rectangle r = (Rectangle)obj;
 //Use Equals to compare instance variables
 return a.Equals(r.a) && b.Equals(r.b);
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return a.GetHashCode() ^ b.GetHashCode();
 }
}

using System;
public struct Complex {
 double re, im;
 public override bool Equals(Object obj) {
 return obj is Complex && this == (Complex)obj;
 }
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return re.GetHashCode() ^ im.GetHashCode();
 }
 public static bool operator ==(Complex x, Complex y) {
 return x.re == y.re && x.im == y.im;
 }
 public static bool operator !=(Complex x, Complex y) {
 return !(x == y);
 }
}

public static System.Boolean Equals(System.Object objA, System.Object objB)

Determines whether two object references are equal.

Parameter objA: First object to compare.

Parameter objB: Second object to compare.

Returns: true if one or more of the following statements is true: otherwise returns false.

This static method checks for null references before it calls objA.Equals(objB ) and returns false if either objA or objB is null. If the Equals(object obj) implementation throws an exception, this method throws an exception.

using System;

public class MyClass {
   public static void Main() {
   string s1 = "Tom";
   string s2 = "Carol";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", \"{1}\") => {2}", 
      s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = "Tom";
   s2 = "Tom";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", \"{1}\") => {2}", 
      s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = null;
   s2 = "Tom";
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(null, \"{1}\") => {2}",
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = "Carol";
   s2 = null;
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(\"{0}\", null) => {2}", 
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));

   s1 = null;
   s2 = null;
   Console.WriteLine("Object.Equals(null, null) => {2}", 
       s1, s2, Object.Equals(s1, s2));
   }
}
   

public System.Void Finalize()

Allows a System.Object to perform cleanup operations before the memory allocated for the System.Object is automatically reclaimed.

During execution, System.Object.Finalize is automatically called after an object becomes inaccessible, unless the object has been exempted from finalization by a call to System.GC.SuppressFinalize(System.Object). During shutdown of an application domain, System.Object.Finalize is automatically called on objects that are not exempt from finalization, even those that are still accessible. System.Object.Finalize is automatically called only once on a given instance, unless the object is re-registered using a mechanism such as System.GC.ReRegisterForFinalize(System.Object) and System.GC.SuppressFinalize(System.Object) has not been subsequently called. Conforming implementations of the CLI are required to make every effort to ensure that for every object that has not been exempted from finalization, the System.Object.Finalize method is called after the object becomes inaccessible. However, there may be some circumstances under which Finalize is not called. Conforming CLI implementations are required to explicitly specify the conditions under which Finalize is not guaranteed to be called. For example, Finalize might not be guaranteed to be called in the event of equipment failure, power failure, or other catastrophic system failures. In addition to System.GC.ReRegisterForFinalize(System.Object) and System.GC.SuppressFinalize(System.Object), conforming implementations of the CLI are allowed to provide other mechanisms that affect the behavior of System.Object.Finalize . Any mechanisms provided are required to be specified by the CLI implementation. The order in which the Finalize methods of two objects are run is unspecified, even if one object refers to the other. The thread on which Finalize is run is unspecified. Every implementation of System.Object.Finalize in a derived type is required to call its base type's implementation of Finalize . This is the only case in which application code calls System.Object.Finalize . The System.Object.Finalize implementation does nothing. A type should implement Finalize when it uses unmanaged resources such as file handles or database connections that must be released when the managed object that uses them is reclaimed. Because Finalize methods may be invoked in any order (including from multiple threads), synchronization may be necessary if the Finalize method may interact with other objects, whether accessible or not. Furthermore, since the order in which Finalize is called is unspecified, implementers of Finalize (or of destructors implemented through overriding Finalize) must take care to correctly handle references to other objects, as their Finalize method may already have been invoked. In general, referenced objects should not be considered valid during finalization. See the System.IDisposable interface for an alternate means of disposing of resources. For C# developers: Destructors are the C# mechanism for performing cleanup operations. Destructors provide appropriate safeguards, such as automatically calling the base type's destructor. In C# code, System.Object.Finalize cannot be called or overridden.

public virtual System.Int32 GetHashCode()

Generates a hash code for the current instance.

Returns: A System.Int32 containing the hash code for the current instance.

System.Object.GetHashCode serves as a hash function for a specific type. A hash function is used to quickly generate a number (a hash code) corresponding to the value of an object. Hash functions are used with hashtables. A good hash function algorithm rarely generates hash codes that collide. For more information about hash functions, see The Art of Computer Programming , Vol. 3, by Donald E. Knuth. All implementations of System.Object.GetHashCode are required to ensure that for any two object references x and y, if x.Equals(y) == true, then x.GetHashCode() == y.GetHashCode(). Hash codes generated by System.Object.GetHashCode need not be unique. Implementations of System.Object.GetHashCode are not permitted to throw exceptions. The System.Object.GetHashCode implementation attempts to produce a unique hash code for every object, but the hash codes generated by this method are not guaranteed to be unique. Therefore, System.Object.GetHashCode may generate the same hash code for two different instances. It is recommended (but not required) that types overriding System.Object.GetHashCode also override System.Object.Equals(System.Object) . Hashtables cannot be relied on to work correctly if this recommendation is not followed. Use this method to obtain the hash code of an object. Hash codes should not be persisted (i.e. in a database or file) as they are allowed to change from run to run.

using System;
public struct Int32 {
 int value;
 //other methods...

 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return value;
 }
}

using System;
public struct Point {
 int x;
 int y; 
 //other methods
 
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return x ^ y;
 }
}

using System;
public class SomeType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 0;
 }
}

public class AnotherType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 1;
 }
}

public class LastType {
 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return 2;
 }
}
public class MyClass {
 SomeType a = new SomeType();
 AnotherType b = new AnotherType();
 LastType c = new LastType();

 public override int GetHashCode () {
 return a.GetHashCode() ^ b.GetHashCode() ^ c.GetHashCode();
 }
}

using System;
public struct Int64 {
 long value;
 //other methods...

 public override int GetHashCode() {
 return ((int)value ^ (int)(value >> 32));
 }
}

public System.Type GetType()

Gets the type of the current instance.

Returns: The instance of System.Type that represents the run-time type (the exact type) of the current instance.

For two objects x and y that have identical run-time types, System.Object.ReferenceEquals(System.Object,System.Object)(x.GetType(),y.GetType()) returns true .

using System;
public class MyBaseClass: Object {
}
public class MyDerivedClass: MyBaseClass {
}
public class Test {
   public static void Main() {
   MyBaseClass myBase = new MyBaseClass();
   MyDerivedClass myDerived = new MyDerivedClass();

   object o = myDerived;
   MyBaseClass b = myDerived;

   Console.WriteLine("mybase: Type is {0}", myBase.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("myDerived: Type is {0}", myDerived.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("object o = myDerived: Type is {0}", o.GetType());
   Console.WriteLine("MyBaseClass b = myDerived: Type is {0}", b.GetType());
   }
}

protected System.Object MemberwiseClone()

Creates a shallow copy of the current instance.

Returns: A shallow copy of the current instance. The run-time type (the exact type) of the returned object is the same as the run-time type of the object that was copied.

System.Object.MemberwiseClone creates a new instance of the same type as the current instance and then copies each of the object's non-static fields in a manner that depends on whether the field is a value type or a reference type. If the field is a value type, a bit-by-bit copy of all the field's bits is performed. If the field is a reference type, only the reference is copied. The algorithm for performing a shallow copy is as follows (in pseudo-code): for each instance field f in this instance if (f is a value type) bitwise copy the field if (f is a reference type) copy the reference end for loop This mechanism is referred to as a shallow copy because it copies rather than clones the non-static fields. Because System.Object.MemberwiseClone implements the above algorithm, for any object, a, the following statements are required to be true: System.Object.MemberwiseClone does not call any of the type's constructors. If System.Object.Equals(System.Object) has been overridden, a.MemberwiseClone().Equals(a) might return false . For an alternate copying mechanism, see System.ICloneable . System.Object.MemberwiseClone is protected (rather than public) to ensure that from verifiable code it is only possible to clone objects of the same class as the one performing the operation (or one of its subclasses). Although cloning an object does not directly open security holes, it does allow an object to be created without running any of its constructors. Since these constructors may establish important invariants, objects created by cloning may not have these invariants established, and this may lead to incorrect program behavior. For example, a constructor might add the new object to a linked list of all objects of this class, and cloning the object would not add the new object to that list -- thus operations that relied on the list to locate all instances would fail to notice the cloned object. By making the method protected, only objects of the same class (or a subclass) can produce a clone and implementers of those classes are (presumably) aware of the appropriate invariants and can arrange for them to be true without necessarily calling a constructor.

using System;
class MyBaseClass {
   public static string CompanyName = "My Company";
   public int age;
   public string name;
}

class MyDerivedClass: MyBaseClass {

   static void Main() {
   
   //Create an instance of MyDerivedClass
   //and assign values to its fields.
   MyDerivedClass m1 = new MyDerivedClass();
   m1.age = 42;
   m1.name = "Sam";

   //Do a shallow copy of m1
   //and assign it to m2.
   MyDerivedClass m2 = (MyDerivedClass) m1.MemberwiseClone();
   }
}

+---------------+

|     42        |                           m1 

+---------------+

|     +---------|-----------------> "Sam" 

+---------------+                    /|\ 

                                      | 

+---------------+                     | 

|     42        |                     |      m2 

+---------------+                     | 

|      +--------|---------------------| 

+---------------+

public static System.Boolean ReferenceEquals(System.Object objA, System.Object objB)

Determines whether two object references are identical.

Parameter objA: First object to compare.

Parameter objB: Second object to compare.

Returns: True if a and b refer to the same object or are both null references; otherwise, false.

This static method provides a way to compare two objects for reference equality. It does not call any user-defined code, including overrides of System.Object.Equals(System.Object) .

using System;
class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
   object o = null;
   object p = null;
   object q = new Object();
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(o, p));
   p = q;
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(p, q));
   Console.WriteLine(Object.ReferenceEquals(o, p));
   }
}
   

public virtual System.String ToString()

Creates and returns a System.String representation of the current instance.

Returns: A System.String representation of the current instance.

System.Object.ToString returns a string whose content is intended to be understood by humans. Where the object contains culture-sensitive data, the string representation returned by System.Object.ToString takes into account the current system culture. For example, for an instance of the System.Double class whose value is zero, the implementation of System.Double.ToString might return "0.00" or "0,00" depending on the current UI culture. Although there are no exact requirements for the format of the returned string, it should as much as possible reflect the value of the object as perceived by the user. System.Object.ToString is equivalent to calling System.Object.GetType to obtain the System.Type object for the current instance and then returning the result of calling the System.Object.ToString implementation for that type. The value returned includes the full name of the type. It is recommended, but not required, that System.Object.ToString be overridden in a derived class to return values that are meaningful for that type. For example, the base data types, such as System.Int32, implement System.Object.ToString so that it returns the string form of the value the object represents. Subclasses that require more control over the formatting of strings than System.Object.ToString provides should implement System.IFormattable, whose System.Object.ToString method uses the culture of the current thread.

using System;

class MyClass {
   static void Main() {
      object o = new object();
      Console.WriteLine (o.ToString());
   }
}